Salix fragilis crack willow

Size: up to 20 m 65 feet. Native Range: Eurasia. Click here for Great Lakes region collection information. Widespread in the Great Lakes region by according to botanical records. Ecology: This species is usually found in wet soil near streams, lakes and wetlands.

It prefers neutral to acid soils, but is adaptable. Its common name derives from the twigs, which break off very easily and cleanly at the base with an audible crack. The broken twigs and branches take root readily, enabling the species to colonize new areas, especially where the broken twigs fall into rivers and can be carried some distance downstream MISIN.

It is particularly adept at colonizing new riverside sandbanks formed after floods. Often planted in yards and farmlands, as well as along roadsides, rivers, and lakeshores. Means of Introduction: Deliberate release. Status: Established. Great Lakes Impacts: Current research on the environmental impact of Salix fragilis in the Great Lakes is inadequate to support proper assessment.

Control Biological To our knowledge no research into possible biological control organisms for crack willows has been attempted in North America or anywhere else. Remarks: Prior to the lectotypification of Salix fragilis Linnaeus and the description of S. Belyaeva , the name S. Clearly there are three non-native entities, S. Older records under the name Salix x rubens have mostly proven to be Salix x fragilis [alba x euxina] but occassionally misidentified as Salix nigra.

Pending confirmation of all individual specimens we maintain the name Salix fragilis for records which were originally reported under that name. Where confirmation of individual specimens has occurred, these will be noted on the individual records.

Thus the map above should be interpreted as including both Salix x fragilis [alba x euxina] as well as Salix euxina. Hydroponic screening for metal resistance and accumulation of cadmium and zinc in twenty clones of willows and poplars.

Environmental Pollution. Epub Jan Author: Cao, L, and L. Contributing Agencies:. This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.

Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. This map only depicts Great Lakes introductions. Little Calumet-Galien ; St. Caterpillars of a number of moth species feed on the foliage, including the puss moth, eyed hawk-moth and red underwing.

The catkins provide an important source of early nectar and pollen for bees and other insects, and the branches make good nesting and roosting sites for birds. All willows were trees of celebration in biblical times, but this changed over time and today willows are more associated with sadness and mourning. In northern areas, willow branches are used instead of palm branches to celebrate Palm Sunday. Willows are prized for their slender, flexible stems which have been used for many years to weave baskets and 'cribs' for animal food.

Larger stems were traditionally used to make small sailing boats. Like other willows, crack willow is susceptible to watermark disease caused by the bacteria Brenneria salicis. Over time, this leads to affected branches dying back and red leaves developing in the crown. If left untreated, the tree can die.

We have single trees and tree packs to meet your needs, from wildlife to woodfuel. Delivery is free. Learn more about the pests and diseases threatening our trees. Find out how to spot them, the symptoms and outlook, and how you can help. Willow, crack Salix fragilis.

What it looks like Where to find it Value to wildlife Uses and mythology Threats. Quick facts. Habitat Top of page S. It is found along river valleys and mountain creeks, lakes, and wet soils between cultivated fields.

It is found along ditches, channels and roads, where it can easily spread by means of wind-broken twigs and branches and root suckers Martini and Paiero, It is widespread in cultivated landscapes, and is usually missing from undisturbed habitats Skvortsov, Biology and Ecology Top of page Genetics There is a wide variation in this species, evident from the large numbers of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids known see Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature.

Harvesting for fuelwood involves coppicing or lopping when the wood is required, often during the summer when the ground is not too wet to restrict access. Reproductive Biology S. Weber reports that the majority of individuals in Australia are male clones. Environmental Requirements S. It is found where annual rainfall is mm, but with no more than a 2-month dry season. It prefers lighter soils to heavy clays and acid soils to alkaline, and will tolerate infertile soils.

Rainfall Regime Top of page Bimodal Winter. Soil Tolerances Top of page Soil drainage free seasonally waterlogged Soil reaction acid neutral Soil texture light medium Special soil tolerances infertile. Rust diseases Melampsora spp. Willow beetles Phratora spp. Means of Movement and Dispersal Top of page S.

Impact Top of page Willow debris can block streams during floods and damage bridges and roads Anon. Where large infestations have established the costs of removal and restoration may be high. Environmental Impact Top of page Environmental damage from S. Impact: Biodiversity Top of page There are negative consequences for biodiversity where S.

These changes may also affect fish Anon, Flora and fauna associated with both the banks and aquatic environment may be affected. Social Impact Top of page Willows such as S. Uses Top of page S. It was one of a number of species planted in Australia to counteract erosion caused by land clearance and cattle grazing Anon. Although pollen and nectar are provided relatively early in the year, its use as bee forage is limited by its poor nutritional quality Anon.

Wood Products Top of page Wood gas and other hydrocarbons. Prevention and Control Top of page Due to the variable regulations around de registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control.

Grazing is thought to check the spread of willow and in Australia cattle, sheep, goats and possums feed on the trees. It is possible to burn willow in a hot fire and this kills trees but it is not a generally recommended method because fire may also affect native vegetation Anon. Weber suggests following similar mechanical control methods to those adopted for Salix cinerea, i. In Australia mechanical removal of root mats and stems is practised where willows interfere with stream flow Anon.

Weber also suggests following similar chemical treatments as used on S. If removed for biological or other reasons in situtations where there is little risk to structures such as bridges, plants treated with herbicide may be left to decay over time Anon. Although not established at present, biological control techniques are of interest in Australia because there are no native willows in the country and because there are many potential insects and pathogens including the willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus that damages plants in New Zealand.

The Keith Turnbull Research Institute, Frankston, Australia, have conducted some preliminary investigations into biological control Anon. References Top of page Anon. CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Distribution Maps Top of page You can pan and zoom the map. Select a dataset I want to see the distribution of this species based on the records CABI believe are most reliable. I want to see other datasets from third-party sources.

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Ok Cancel. Top of page. Title Tree habit. Salix fragilis 8. Title Leaves. Buss Henderson Henderson Seebens et al. CABI Undated b. Seebens et al. Tomoshevich et al.

Adams et al.